Studies on the Mode of Action of a Queen Primer Pheromone of the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta

Studies were conducted on the physiological mode of action and mode of perception of a queen pheromone that inhibits dealation (wing-shedding) and ovary development in virgin queens of the fire ant Solenopsis inuicta. Winged virgin queens were removed from the pheromonal signal (queen) to compare the response time for dealation, a behavioral response, and ovary development, a physiological response. Dealation was always accompanied by some degree of ovary development, whereas some individuals exhibited slightly developed ovaries before dealation occurred, suggesting that ovary development precedes dealation by several hours to a day. The response time of virgin queens following extinction of the pheromonal signal was highly variable and was related to colony source and body weight. Individuals from monogyne (single functional queen) colonies were more responsive than those from polygyne (multiple functional queens) colonies, a result consistent with the high cumulative levels of queen pheromone in the latter colonies. Virgin queens treated topically with the juvenile hormone (JH) analogue, methoprene, dealated and developed their ovaries in the presence of the pheromone (queen), suggesting that the pheromonal mode of action involves the suppression of JH titers. To obtain more precise information on the physiological processes underlying the inhibition of ovary development, vitellogenin titers were determined for virgin queens and functional (egg-laying) queens. Despite having undeveloped ovaries, virgin queens had vitellogenin titers that were as elevated as those of functional queens. This suggests that the effect of the low JH titers resulting from the primer pheromone is on the uptake of vitellogenin by the oocytes rather than on vitellogenin synthesis. The possible mode of perception of the inhibitory pheromone was also investigated. Virgin queens whose antennae had been removed dealated in the presence of the queen, suggesting that the pheromone acts by stimulating sensory cells in the antennae. The results are incorporated into a general model for the mode of action of the queen primer pheromone.